2025 · 57 courts
AI-hallucinated citation decisions in 2025
86 decisions and docket orders in 2025, from 57 courts, in which a court addressed authority that did not exist. Each links the court's own words and the source document.
Retrieved from CourtListener public records.
Where the decisions came from
- Florida11
- California10
- New York8
- Federal5
- Oregon4
- Georgia4
- Alabama3
- Ohio3
- Pennsylvania3
- District of Columbia3
- Maryland2
- Nevada2
- Utah2
- Connecticut2
- Indiana2
- Michigan2
- Texas2
- Illinois2
- Massachusetts2
- Delaware2
- Arizona1
- Iowa1
- Maine1
- Louisiana1
- Minnesota1
- Northern Mariana Islands1
- Washington1
- Hawaii1
- Other1
- Virginia1
- Puerto Rico1
- Arkansas1
Every record, newest first
| Date | Case | Court | State | The text mentions | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Couvrette v. Wisnovsky No. 1:21-cv-00157 | D. Or. | Oregon | a warning or admonition, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| Menk v. The Mitre Corporation No. 1:23-cv-00053 | D. Maryland | Maryland | ChatGPT, a self-represented party, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Huntington Bank v. M/Y Something About Meri No. 0:25-cv-61018 | S.D. Fla. | Florida | ChatGPT, a warning or admonition, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs | CourtListener | |
| Kelly v. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority No. 2:25-cv-01195 | D. Nev. | Nevada | a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| D.D. v. Carnival Corporation No. 1:24-cv-23693 | S.D. Fla. | Florida | a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs | CourtListener | |
| Angelica E. Cruz v. United States No. 2:24-cv-01087 | C.D. Cal. | California | sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Hyneman v. PRA Events Incorporated No. 4:23-cv-00497 | D. Ariz. | Arizona | a warning or admonition, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Khorashi v. Beer No. 1:25-cv-23202 | S.D. Fla. | Florida | CoCounsel, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| Russell v. Mells No. 2D2024-1560 | Fla. Dist. Ct. App. | Florida | a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs | CourtListener | |
| Black Oak Capital BOCA v. Paul Evans No. 2:24-cv-00209 | D. Utah | Utah | dismissal, Rule 11, sanctions, striking a filing | CourtListener | |
| Ringer v. Bank of America No. 1:25-cv-03959 | N.D. Ga. | Georgia | ChatGPT, CoCounsel, dismissal, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| Ringo v. Colquhoun Design Studio No. A186670 | Or. Ct. App. | Oregon | a certification about AI use, a self-represented party, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Byoplanet International v. Johansson No. 0:25-cv-60630 | S.D. Fla. | Florida | ChatGPT, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs | CourtListener | |
| Shayan v. Shakib No. B337559 | Cal. Ct. App. | California | dismissal, sanctions, striking a filing | CourtListener | |
| Peak v. Maraj-Petty No. 1:25-cv-07552 | S.D.N.Y. | New York | a warning or admonition, dismissal, a self-represented party, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Andre v. Warden No. 3:24-cv-01295 | D. Conn. | Connecticut | a warning or admonition, a certification about AI use, dismissal, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| Jackson Hospital & Clinic, Inc. No. 25-30256 | Bankr. M.D. Ala. | Alabama | ChatGPT, a certification about AI use, continuing legal education, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Buchanan v. Vuori No. 5:23-cv-01121 | N.D. Cal. | California | a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, continuing legal education, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Schlichter v. Kennedy No. E083744 | Cal. Ct. App. | California | dismissal, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Cojom v. Roblen No. 3:23-cv-01669 | D. Conn. | Connecticut | ChatGPT, Harvey, continuing legal education, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| Moore v. City of Del City No. 25-6002 | 10th Cir. | Federal | ChatGPT, dismissal, a self-represented party, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| Green Building Initiative v. Green Globe International No. 3:24-cv-00298 | D. Or. | Oregon | ChatGPT, Copilot, a warning or admonition, continuing legal education | CourtListener | |
| United States v. Brewer No. 6:19-cr-00022 | M.D. Fla. | Florida | CoCounsel, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| State ex rel. Eldridge v. Kilbane No. 115338 | Ohio Ct. App. | Ohio | dismissal, a self-represented party, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Allbaugh v. University of Scranton No. 3:24-cv-02237 | M.D. Penn. | Pennsylvania | ChatGPT, Gemini / Bard, a certification about AI use, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Mezu v. Mezu No. 0361/25 | Md. Ct. Spec. App. | Maryland | ChatGPT, Google (search or AI overview), a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body | CourtListener | |
| United States v. Baker No. 24-7017 | 10th Cir. | Federal | a warning or admonition | CourtListener | |
| Rhee-Karn v. Lask No. 1:15-cv-09946 | S.D.N.Y. | New York | ChatGPT, a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, continuing legal education | CourtListener | |
| Huffman Construction, LLC No. 62591, 62783 | A.S.B.C.A. | Federal | dismissal, a self-represented party, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Jones v. District of Columbia Office No. Civil Action No. 2025-1129 | D.D.C. | District of Columbia | a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| N-Bar Trade Inc. v. amazon.com Services LLC No. Civil Action No. 2025-0918 | D.D.C. | District of Columbia | dismissal, Rule 11, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Christopher Kluwe v. Huntington Beach Union High No. 8:25-cv-01648 | C.D. Cal. | California | a warning or admonition, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| Oneto v. Watson No. 3:22-cv-05206 | N.D. Cal. | California | ChatGPT, a certification about AI use, continuing legal education, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| United States v. McGee No. 1:24-cr-00112 | S.D. Ala. | Alabama | ChatGPT, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, a certification about AI use, continuing legal education | CourtListener | |
| Support Community v. MPH International LLC No. 4:23-cv-04911 | N.D. Cal. | California | ChatGPT, Claude, CoCounsel, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| People v. Alvarez No. D084581 | Cal. Ct. App. | California | dismissal, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Brink's Global Services USA v. Bonita Pearl No. 1:22-cv-06653 | S.D.N.Y. | New York | fabricated authority | CourtListener | |
| In the Interest of R.A., Minor No. 24-1629 | Iowa Ct. App. | Iowa | ChatGPT, sanctions, striking a filing | CourtListener | |
| Noland v. Land of the Free No. B331918 | Cal. Ct. App. | California | ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini / Bard, Grok | CourtListener | |
| Pennantia v. Rose Cay Maritime No. 1:25-cv-05904 | S.D.N.Y. | New York | ChatGPT, a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| EVERETT J PRESCOTT INC v. BEALL No. 1:25-cv-00071 | D. Me. | Maine | a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| In re: Eric Chibueze Nwaubani No. 25-9517 | 4th Cir. | Federal | a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, dismissal, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| Clerk of Circuit Court v. Rangel No. 2D2024-1772 | Fla. Dist. Ct. App. | Florida | a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, continuing legal education, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| Earl Takefman v. the Pickleball Club No. 3D2025-0474 | Fla. Dist. Ct. App. | Florida | a self-represented party, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Lahti v. Consensys No. 1:24-cv-00183 | S.D. Ohio | Ohio | ChatGPT, Gemini / Bard, a warning or admonition, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Kurt Williams v. Karin Kirch No. 25A-SC-00196 | Ind. Ct. App. | Indiana | a warning or admonition, a self-represented party, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Juan Alberto Goya v. Rosa M. Hayashida No. 4D2023-1212 | Fla. Dist. Ct. App. | Florida | a warning or admonition, a self-represented party, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Nora v. M & A Transport No. 5:25-cv-04698 | E.D. Pa. | Pennsylvania | Westlaw AI, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, continuing legal education, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Nora v. M & A Transport No. 2:25-cv-01015 | E.D. La. | Louisiana | Westlaw AI, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, continuing legal education, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| AP Electric v. Oakland Automation No. 4:23-cv-11342 | E.D. Mich. | Michigan | continuing legal education, Rule 11, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Seither & Cherry Quad v. Oakland Automation No. 4:23-cv-11310 | E.D. Mich. | Michigan | continuing legal education, Rule 11, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Dalila AGiza v. Edward Franklin No. 04-25-00099-CV | Tex. App.-San Antonio | Texas | ChatGPT, a warning or admonition, dismissal, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Johnson v. Dunn No. 2:21-cv-01701 | N.D. Ala. | Alabama | ChatGPT, CoCounsel, a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body | CourtListener | |
| Guertin v. Walz No. 0:25-cv-02670 | D. Minnesota | Minnesota | ChatGPT, Google (search or AI overview), dismissal, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| Elizondo v. City of Laredo No. 5:25-cv-00050 | S.D. Tex. | Texas | a warning or admonition, continuing legal education, dismissal, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| Zajradhara v. NMC No. 2024-SCC-0019-CIV | Supreme Court of The Commonwealth of The Northern Mariana Islands | Northern Mariana Islands | a warning or admonition, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| In re Baby Boy No. 4-24-1427 | Ill. App. Ct. | Illinois | ChatGPT, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| Flycatcher Corp. Ltd. v. Ozmos Company LLC No. 1:24-cv-09429 | S.D.N.Y. | New York | ChatGPT, CoCounsel, Google (search or AI overview), dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Robert Dastou v. Kathryn Holmes No. 2381CV02212 | Mass. Super. Ct. | Massachusetts | fabricated authority | CourtListener | |
| ROLLINS v. PREMIER MOTORCARS INC No. 4:24-cv-00413 | N.D. Fla. | Florida | ChatGPT, a certification about AI use, dismissal, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| JACKSON v. AUTO OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY No. 7:24-cv-00136 | M.D. Ga. | Georgia | a warning or admonition, continuing legal education, dismissal, attorney's fees or costs | CourtListener | |
| Vita Law Offices v. Lockridge Grindal Nauen P.L.L.P. No. 1:25-cv-11518 | D. Mass. | Massachusetts | ChatGPT, Copilot, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Kaur v. Desso No. 9:25-cv-00726 | N.D.N.Y. | New York | Claude, continuing legal education, dismissal, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| Gamble v. Gamble No. CA2024-09-069 | Ohio Ct. App. | Ohio | a self-represented party, sanctions, striking a filing | CourtListener | |
| Nimat Shahid v. Sufyan Esaam No. A25A0196 | Ga. Ct. App. | Georgia | ChatGPT, a warning or admonition, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Crespo v. Tesla No. 9:25-cv-80129 | S.D. Fla. | Florida | a self-represented party, striking a filing | CourtListener | |
| Nelson v. Washington Board of Industrial No. 3:25-cv-05551 | W.D. Wash. | Washington | a warning or admonition, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Cordero Romero v. Goldman Sachs Bank USA No. 1:25-cv-02857 | S.D.N.Y. | New York | a self-represented party, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| MID CENTRAL OPERATING ENGINEERS v. HOOSIERVAC LLC No. 2:24-cv-00326 | S.D. Ind. | Indiana | a referral to a bar or disciplinary body, continuing legal education, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Garner v. Kadince No. Case No. 20250188-CA | Utah Ct. App. | Utah | ChatGPT, Rule 11, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener | |
| Keaau Development Partnership LLC v. Lawrence No. CAAP-24-0000494 | Haw. App. | Hawaii | dismissal, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| Saxena v. Martinez-Hernandez No. 2:22-cv-02126 | D. Nev. | Nevada | a warning or admonition, dismissal, a self-represented party, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| United States v. Steven Anderegg No. 25-1354 | 7th Cir. | Federal | a warning or admonition, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| United States v. Chaabani No. 3:24-cr-02713 | S.D. Cal. | California | ChatGPT, Grok, Lexis+ AI, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Park v. Parker No. 1:25-cv-00789 | S.D.N.Y. | New York | ChatGPT, Gemini / Bard, a warning or admonition, a referral to a bar or disciplinary body | CourtListener | |
| Bland v. Healthcare Solutions Team No. 1:24-cv-07077 | N.D. Ill. | Illinois | ChatGPT, a warning or admonition, dismissal, a self-represented party | CourtListener | |
| Daniel Jaiyong An v. Archblock No. 2024-0102-LWW | Del. Ch. | Delaware | ChatGPT, a warning or admonition, a certification about AI use, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Sanders v. United States No. 24-1301 | Fed. Cl. | Other | a warning or admonition, dismissal, a self-represented party, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| Kruglyak v. Home Depot U.S.A. No. 1:22-cv-00024 | W.D. Va. | Virginia | ChatGPT, Gemini / Bard, a warning or admonition, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Puerto Rico Soccer League v. Federacion Puertorriquena de Futbol No. 3:23-cv-01203 | D.P.R. | Puerto Rico | ChatGPT, a warning or admonition, dismissal, Rule 11 | CourtListener | |
| Williams v. Capital One Bank No. Civil Action No. 2024-2032 | D.D.C. | District of Columbia | ChatGPT, CoCounsel, a warning or admonition, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Nichols v. Walmart Inc. No. 1:24-cv-00236 | S.D. Ga. | Georgia | dismissal, a self-represented party, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| State v. Ballangrud No. A177942 | Or. Ct. App. | Oregon | dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Lillard v. Offit Kurman No. N24C-10-001 DJB | Del. Super. Ct. | Delaware | a certification about AI use, dismissal | CourtListener | |
| Nguyen v. Savage Enterprises No. 4:24-cv-00815 | E.D. Ark. | Arkansas | a warning or admonition, dismissal, Rule 11, sanctions | CourtListener | |
| BUNCE v. VISUAL TECHNOLOGY INNOVATIONS No. 2:23-cv-01740 | E.D. Pa. | Pennsylvania | Rule 11, sanctions, an order to show cause | CourtListener |
Every year in the record, the whole record of court decisions on AI-hallucinated citations, or the sanctions record, the essay this table grew out of.